Ne, nisam postao književni kritičar, ne bojte se. :)
Dakle, mi biciklisti, u svakodnevnom, nebasarijanskom smislu reči, smatramo se ljudima koji rade najmanje dve korisne stvari: popravljamo svoje zdravlje intenzivnom fizičkom aktivnošću, i 2. pozitivno utičemo na životnu sredinu jer za kretanje koristimo sopstvenu fizičku energiju, a ne naftu ili benzin, čime smanjujemo zagađenje okoline. Političari u zapadnim zemljama, kad hoće da pokažu svoju "ekološku svest", idu na posao biciklom. To je vrlo raširena pojava i među običnim svetom u zemljama poput Holandije ili Danske. Sledeći svetsku modu, i neki domaći političari su se pre nedelju-dve slikali kako voze bicikle po nekoj kiši (mislim da je bio "dan planete" ili tako nešto).
Ali, varate se ako mislite da i tako bezazlena stvar kao vožnja biciklom nema svoje negativne ekološke apekte. Pošto je "envajormentalizam" jedna krajnje mizantropska filozofija koja pretpostavlja da je i samo postojanje čoveka opasno po "okolinu", bilo je samo pitanje dana kada će i ova naivna, zdravorazumska dogma o korisnosti biciklizma biti osporena. I to se upravo desilo. Čovek nije (samo) nekakav opskurni ekološki frik, već profesor na Univerzitetu Pensilvanija, i upravo je otkrio da vožnja biciklom, nasuprot preovlađujućim površnim envajornmentalističkim gledištima, ima vrlo negativno dejstvo po životnu sredinu. Ona jeste da smanjuje emisije stakleničkih gasova, ali sa druge strane i poboljšava zdravlje onih koji voze bike, te time doprinosi pogoršavanju najvećeg prokletstva savremenog čovečanstva - nekontrolisanog porasta stanovništva.
Autor ima dva recepta kako stati u kraj ovoj biciklističkoj pošasti: ubediti ljude da umesto bicikla voze neke skutere na struju, jer time takođe ne emituju CO2, a istovremeno ne popravljaju sopstveno zdravlje i time tendiraju ka kraćem životu, čime doprinose ekološkoj ravnoteži i održivom razvoju. Drugi recept je da se pospeše kroz javne politike, kao protivteža biciklizmu, razna po zdravlje štetna ponašanja, tipa pušenje, uživanje teških droga, i vožnja automobila bez sigurnosnih pojaseva.
Ja, međutim za ovog profesora i sve slične ludake imam bolji predlog: da se oni lepo svi kolektivno poubijaju, i time svoje emisije stakleničkih gasova svedu na idealnu, nultu meru. Time će dati najefikasniji doprinos uravnoteženju naše planete.
Ako ste sumnjali u Reismanovu tezu o zelenom pokretu kao esenciji zla i antihumanizma, ova teorija uglednog profesora ekonomije sa Ivy League univerziteta je nažalost direktna demonstracija te teze.
Ja profesoru obećavam da ću nastaviti sa svojim biciklističkim uništavanjem održivog razvoja. Povećaću preko leta dozu sa 30 na 50 kilometara dnevno...Ako je verovati profesoru, svaka godina vožnje bicikla produžava život 10 dana. Pošto ja vozim skoro 30 godina (od najranijeg detinjstva), manje ili više redovno, time sam već za celu godinu produžio teror svog izdisanja ugljen-dioksida nad nezaštićenom planetom - gušterima, bubama, piranama i ledom na Grenlandu koji samo što nije počeo da se topi...Ako nastavim ovako, uništavaću planetu svojim postojanjem cele dve ili dve i po godine duže nego što je bilo nužno (a i ne pušim i ne drogiram se. Jedina nada je što zaista vozim kola bez pojasa...).
sto vozis kola bez pojasa? da im pokazes?
ReplyDeleteTu je još i trošak vode zbog više tuširanja, koje je kritično za opstanak vrste. Zatim upotreba više dezedoransa koja ubija ozonski omotač. Zatim trošiš više kalorija i stoga jedeš više hrane, a deca u africi gladuju. Ovaj tvoj profesor je odradio polovičnu analizu, i stoga je odgovoran za uništavanje planete.
ReplyDeletevozim bez pojasa jer me steze i nervira me.
ReplyDeleteNa drugi pogled, ovo može da se čita i kao vrlo dobra liberalna kritika envajromentlizma. Jer njegova poenta u krajnjoj liniji je da politike kao što su podsticanje upotrebe bicikla imaju i nepredvidive efekte, zbog kojih su ustvari neefikasne ili kontraproduktivne.
ReplyDeleteAko ljudi vole da voze auto, pustite ih da voze auto, jer ako ih terate da voze bicikl (porezima, podsticajima, reklamama), ustvari ne postižete ono što ste hteli.
Ne verujem da se to u bilo kom smislu moze nazvati "liberalnom" kritikom envajornmentalizma, jer on eksplicite kaze da suvise ljudi na zemlji predstavlaj problem. A to je upravo jedna od stalnih maltuzijanskih opsesija envajormentalizma, i to onog najradikalnijeg. Ne znam ni jednog liberala koji zagovara drzavnu kontrolu porasta stanovnistva, u "humanoj", "nehumanoj, anibiciklistickoj ili bilo kojoj cetvrtoj varijanti.
ReplyDeleteNaravno, moze se to nazvati u nekom smislu imanentnom kritikom mainstream envajornmentalizma, protkanu ekonomskim cost-befit zargonom, to da. Ali ja ne bih povezivao koriscenje mainstream ekonomskog zargona za podrsku radikalnom (jos radikalnijem od kritikovanog) envajornmentalizmu, sa nekakvim liberalnim stavom.
Ali, stvarno, koliko lud moras da budes, pa da kazes da je NEGATIVAN eksterni efekat voznje bicikla to sto produzava zivot?
ReplyDeleteI, sto je jos gore, tip je profesor na biznis skoli, za koje mislim da su inace malo razumniji od ostalih.
evo, ovo sam danas skinula sa bloomberga, mislila sam da bi nekome moglo biti zanimljivo:
ReplyDeletePage 1 of 999
BN 11/04 Carbon Traders Create Cheap Credits in China for Sale in Europe
By Stephanie Baker-Said
Nov. 5 (Bloomberg) -- One early October day in London, a
financier named James Cameron was poring over a poster-size map
of China inside his offices near the River Thames.
Dotting the map were 20 or so sticky labels, similar to
small Post-it notes. There were pink ones, blue ones, green
ones, yellow ones -- each marking a spot where Cameron's
company, Climate Change Capital, is wagering tens of millions of
dollars.
Cameron doesn't invest in stocks or bonds. What he invests
in is carbon dioxide (CO2), the principal cause of global
warming. In return for curbing emissions in, say, China, Cameron
can sell the right to pump CO2 into the air in Europe. The going
price: about 17 euros ($24) per metric ton.
Since co-founding Climate Change Capital in 2003, Cameron
and his business partner, Mark Woodall, have turned their
company into a powerhouse in the burgeoning global market in
greenhouse gases. Driven by the Kyoto Protocol on global
warming, an accord Cameron helped write, this corner of the
derivatives arena is growing as never before.
Global warming may present the greatest challenge humans
have ever faced. For Cameron, part of a new breed of climate-
change capitalists, it also offers something else: a chance to
make money. Whether this quest for profit will avert the
potentially catastrophic consequences of a warming Earth is, at
this point, unknowable. One possible alternative to trading
would be to tax emissions, thereby making it costly for
companies to keep polluting.
Forerunner: Acid Rain
Al Gore, who won the Nobel Peace Prize on Oct. 12 for his
work on climate change, has championed trading as one way to
curb emissions of CO2, whose molecular structure traps heat near
the Earth's surface. These markets enable power companies,
refineries and factories to buy and sell the right to pollute
once regulators cap emissions levels. Supporters of trading
point to the success of the 12-year-old U.S. market for sulfur
dioxide (SO2), a primary cause of acid rain. Since this system
began, SO2 emissions from power plants have dropped 41 percent
below 1980 levels.
The U.S. has fallen behind Europe in trading CO2 allowances
-- ``carbon,'' in trader-speak -- because U.S. President George
W. Bush has opted out of the Kyoto Protocol, saying its strict
limits on emissions would prove too costly to U.S. companies.
As a result, London rather than New York has become the
world capital of carbon finance. As part of the Kyoto accord,
the European Union created a single market for CO2 rights on
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Jan. 1, 2005. Trading has exploded. Last year, the carbon market
worldwide grew threefold to $30 billion, according to the World
Bank.
$565 Billion Market
Investors have poured about $12 billion into funds devoted
to pollution, according to London-based research firm New Carbon
Finance. Half of that money is managed from the British capital.
In the U.S., where polluters can trade CO2 rights among
themselves if they choose, California Governor Arnold
Schwarzenegger is pushing to create a market that could one day
dwarf Europe's. By 2020, the global carbon market could swell to
$565 billion, according to estimates from Oslo-based research
firm Point Carbon.
So the great carbon rush is on. In January, Morgan Stanley
bought 38 percent of MGM International, a Miami-based company
that invests in emissions-reduction projects, as part of a $3
billion push into the carbon market. In June, Credit Suisse
Group bought 10 percent of Dublin-based EcoSecurities Group Plc
and said it may lend that company 1 billion euros for pollution
investments. In August, a unit of London-based hedge fund giant
Man Group Plc raised $382 million for a fund specializing in
greenhouse gases at Chinese coal plants. And Salt Lake City-
based Blue Source LLC, a startup run by two Utah entrepreneurs,
has quietly amassed the biggest bank of pollution credits in the
U.S.
Expecting `Big Returns'
So much money is pouring into this arena that some
investors may not make as much profit as they think, says Martin
Whittaker, a director at MissionPoint Capital Partners, a
Norwalk, Connecticut-based private equity firm that manages a
$335 million growth fund aimed at clean energy and the
environment.
``A lot of investors have piled in expecting big returns in
a nascent market,'' Whittaker says. ``As in any investment, you
get a lot of capital chasing returns and it tends to depress the
margins.''
Cameron, 46, and Woodall, 45, run Climate Change Capital
out of a glass office tower near the south bank of the Thames,
next to the headquarters of London Mayor Ken Livingstone. The
company, which has about 120 employees, projects an eco-friendly
image. The walls are covered with bamboo and the floors are
blanketed with gray carpet made from recycled fabric. The coffee
machine is full of fair-trade beans. Tables and worktops are
made from recycled plastic yogurt containers. A series of
multicolor tiles use English words and Chinese characters to
proclaim the company's motto: ``Wealth Worth Having.''
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Carbon's Goldman Sachs
Cameron, who is vice chairman, and Woodall, chief executive
officer, have big plans for their company. Climate Change
Capital is already financing projects that it says will
eliminate 70 million metric tons of greenhouse gases. That's
roughly equivalent to the amount of CO2 Denmark sends into the
sky each year. Cameron and Woodall predict that assets under
management will swell to $10 billion within five years. They've
pushed Climate Change Capital to manage money, finance clean-air
projects and advise on mergers and acquisitions -- in other
words, to become a sort of Goldman Sachs of carbon.
In September, the duo flew to New York, where the UN was
holding a meeting on global warming, to rub elbows with Gore,
former U.S. President Bill Clinton and Hollywood star Brad Pitt.
Their latest project is to raise $1 billion for a fund that will
invest in low-energy buildings. ``We're just babies,'' Cameron
says. ``We've just begun.''
Luring Investors
Climate Change Capital has already lured deep-pocketed
investors. In 2005, New York-based Och-Ziff Capital Management
LLC, the hedge fund firm founded by former Goldman Sachs Group
Inc. trader Daniel Och, bought 20 percent of the company,
Woodall says. A unit of Man Group has bought 10 percent. MSM
Capital Partners, part of an investment firm started by
Priceline.com Inc. co-founder Jesse Fink, also bought in.
MSM recently sold its shares, more than doubling its
initial investment, says Whittaker of MissionPoint, which was
started by Fink and Mark Schwartz, a former CEO of Soros Fund
Management LLC. ``It was a tremendously successful investment,''
Whittaker says, declining to elaborate.
Threat to Crops
The money keeps pouring in. In 2006, Climate Change Capital
raised more than 800 million euros for a new carbon investment
fund. More than two-thirds of that came from the Dutch pension
giants ABP and PGGM, which together manage more than $425
billion. Otto van der Wyck, the founder of BC Partners Ltd., one
of Europe's biggest buyout firms, became chairman of Climate
Change Capital in 2004 and has helped raise the firm's profile.
For now, Climate Change Capital has the edge in carbon
investing, says PGGM money manager Jelle Beenen. ``They
represented the first serious strategy in emission rights,'' he
says.
There's big money at stake -- for everyone. Nicholas Stern,
former chief economist of the World Bank, last year forecast
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that climate change might cost the global economy $9.6 trillion
by 2100. A rise of just 2-3 degrees Celsius in the average world
temperature might displace 200 million people, devastate food
crops and shave 3 percent off the global economic output, Stern
concluded in an October 2006 report prepared for the U.K.
Treasury.
Cap-and-Trade
Whatever the scope of the problem, trading in pollution
permits may or may not be the solution. So far, trading CO2
rights has done little to curb emissions in Europe, according to
Open Europe, a London-based think tank. The group is backed by
U.K. executives such as Michael Spencer, CEO of broker-dealer
ICAP Plc, and Brian Williamson, former chairman of the London
International Financial Futures Exchange, which is now part of
Euronext NV.
European emissions rose 0.8 percent from 2005 to '06,
according to Open Europe, which has urged the EU to let member
countries decide how to reduce emissions on their own.
Europe has adopted a so-called cap-and-trade market similar
to the one the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency created in
1995 for SO2. For each year through 2007, EU governments granted
about 12,000 factories and power plants the right to emit a
total of about 2.2 billion tons of CO2 -- the ``cap'' in cap and
trade. The EU also permitted the companies to buy and sell
allowances -- the ``trade'' in cap and trade. If companies think
they might exceed their annual CO2 allowance, they can buy
rights from companies that pollute less. Under the Kyoto accord,
the UN has issued similar credits from emission-reduction
projects in 49 countries.
Importing Cheap Credits
This dual system enables European corporations to buy
indulgences from those in developing countries rather than mend
their polluting ways, up to varying limits. It's simply cheaper
to reduce emissions in, say, China, than it is in Europe. The EU
has allowed European companies to import too many cheap credits,
according to the World Wildlife Fund. The result is that some of
these companies are doing less than they could to reduce
emissions, according to a June WWF report.
``You're sending a signal to companies in Europe that they
can carry on investing in high-carbon infrastructure by
offsetting reductions,'' says Kirsty Clough, a climate-change
policy analyst at the WWF in London. ``That locks us onto a
high-carbon path for decades.'' A better approach would be to
prevent European companies from using so many credits from
developing countries, Clough says.
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`Birmingham or Beijing'
Cameron says the system is helping to put China's fast-
growing economy on a lower carbon path. ``A ton of carbon is a
ton of carbon,'' he says. ``It doesn't matter if you reduce it
in Birmingham or Beijing.''
European CO2 trading has enriched big utilities. At recent
prices, the allowances that EU governments have granted to
companies largely for free for 2008 carried a combined market
value of 43.1 billion euros.
For investors such as Climate Change Capital, the potential
rewards -- and risks -- have been enormous. The price of 2007
CO2 rights plummeted after traders concluded that the EU had
flooded the market with allowances. The plunge prompted the EU
to tighten emissions caps from 2008 to '12 and reduce the number
of allowances it issues. Carbon investors and traders applaud
that decision, and with reason: Fewer credits mean higher
prices.
Allowances for 2008 were trading at about 21.65 euros on
Oct. 31. Some EU members, including the Czech Republic and
Poland, have threatened to sue the European Commission, saying
their pollution caps are too stringent.
`A Lost Decade'
The question is, where do prices go from here?
Oslo-based Point Carbon predicts that prices will rise to
as much as 30 euros in 2008 and '09 as more utilities start
buying allowances in order to comply with Kyoto rules.
Catrinus Jepma, professor of energy and sustainability at
the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, says they'll
plummet as credits from developing countries deluge the European
market. Since 2005, the United Nations Clean Development
Mechanism has issued about 85 million Kyoto credits. That number
is likely to surge to 2.5 billion by 2012, according to the UN
agency.
So far, the European market has been a costly mistake,
Jepma says. ``The Kyoto Protocol period is almost a lost
decade,'' he says. The idea behind Kyoto credits was to place a
high price on polluting. Instead, an oversupply of credits means
the price to pollute could stay low, he says.
HFC-23 Gas
Back at Climate Change Capital, Cameron points to a yellow
tab affixed to his map of China. The sticker marks chemical
maker China Fluoro Technology Co., located in Shandong Province.
China Fluoro Technology exemplifies the potential for profit --
and controversy -- in the pollution market. The Chinese company
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makes refrigerant gases. One byproduct of that process is a
potent greenhouse gas called HFC-23. Pound for pound, HFC-23
traps 11,700 times more solar heat in the atmosphere than CO2.
Because China doesn't regulate HFC-23 emissions, China Fluoro
can belch countless tons of gas into the air with impunity. (The
U.S. doesn't regulate HFC-23 emissions, either.)
That's where Climate Change Capital comes in. Cameron and
Woodall have helped devise and finance a system that captures
the gas and prevents it from swirling into the atmosphere. In
return, Climate Change Capital takes a cut of the emissions
credits that the UN awards China Fluoro Technology under the
Kyoto Protocol.
Factory `Subsidy'
The project will generate 23.5 million tons of carbon-
equivalent credits over six years. At current prices, China
Fluoro credits are worth as much as 399 million euros. The
result is that China Fluoro stands to make more money selling
its pollution credits than it does selling its refrigerants. And
factories in Europe and Japan can buy the credits from China
rather than curbing pollution themselves.
Some investors have steered clear of HFC-23 projects
altogether. ``This is supposed to be about clean development,''
says Lionel Fretz, who co-founded Climate Change Capital and now
runs London rival Carbon Capital Markets. ``It's not meant to be
a subsidy to refrigerant factories in China.''
Cameron says that, over time, the invisible hand of the
marketplace will reduce greenhouse gas levels and help head off
climate change.
``Right now the market is doing exactly what it should do -
-it's going after as many tons as possible at the lowest
possible cost and taking them out,'' Cameron says.
Chernobyl Effect
Cameron and Woodall came to the carbon market from
different corners. Cameron is the policy brain, Woodall the
financial brain. The lanky Cameron, who's half English and half
Australian, grew up in Lebanon and Singapore. He studied
international law at Cambridge University in the 1980s.
In 1986, he became interested in environmental law after
seeing plumes of radioactive smoke billowing across borders from
the Chernobyl nuclear accident in Ukraine. That prompted him to
help set up the Center for International Environmental Law based
in Washington. He used the nonprofit organization to make a name
for himself negotiating the Kyoto Protocol on behalf of the
Alliance of Small Island States, a 39-nation coalition he helped
to build pro bono. He later started the climate change practice
at international law firm Baker & McKenzie in London.
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Johannesburg Rendezvous
In 2002, Cameron made his first stab at setting up a
business to implement Kyoto. He tried to form a sustainable
investment group, a coalition of different companies and
organizations that would manage funds to invest in the emerging
low-carbon economy. He thought he had the European Investment
Bank on board to fund his dream. Instead, one of its senior
bankers shot down the idea, saying it would be like asking a
fish to ride a bicycle.
Cameron didn't give up. At the end of 2002, he bumped into
Woodall on the sidelines of the UN's sustainable development
summit in Johannesburg. The idea for Climate Change Capital was
born.
When he met Cameron, Woodall was a serial entrepreneur who
was integrating a technology investment company he founded into
Pi Capital, a London private equity firm. Woodall, whose
grandfather was the chairman of British Steel during World War
II, stumbled onto environmental causes by accident back in the
1980s, when he set up his first company selling products to help
factories clean up oil and chemicals. A former British Army
officer educated at the elite U.K. boarding school Wellington
College, Woodall put his first company into administration when
the pound crashed in 1992.
Garden `Hedging'
``I thought hedging was something you did in your garden,''
he says.
After earning a Master of Business Administration from the
U.K.'s Cranfield University School of Management, Woodall tried
to get a job at a venture capital company. No one would hire
him, he says. He decided instead to start what would become
Impax Capital Corp., which invested in renewable energy. Woodall
exited the business in 2000 when Impax went public. Nowadays, he
drives to the office in an electric G-Wiz car, made in India by
Reva Electric Car Co., from his home in the south London
neighborhood of Stockwell.
From the start, Woodall and Cameron saw opportunity in
climate change. They raised 1 million pounds ($2 million) from
what Woodall describes as ``friends.'' Cameron remortgaged his
house to invest in the venture, and Woodall also dug into his
own pockets. They were joined by Gareth Hughes and Anthony
White, fellow founding partners who run the firm's corporate
development and advisory businesses.
`Terrified' of Failure
``I put my entire life and guts in the business, terrified
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it was going to go belly up,'' Cameron says.
The pair soon raised more than $100 million for their first
carbon fund to invest in rights to emit greenhouse gases. By
2006, Climate Change Capital was readying a fund 10 times that
size.
``They've raised the money very swiftly,'' says Nick Wood,
head of Man Investments' environmental strategies group in
London. ``They've been around the longest in a high-profile
sense.''
Cameron says the firm is breaking even. Climate Change
Holdings Ltd. reported a loss of 426,100 pounds in the year
ended on Aug. 31, 2006, compared with a loss of 1.6 million
pounds the previous year, according to the most-recent filings
with Companies House.
Focus on China
In September, the firm announced it had raised 200 million
euros more for a new private equity fund targeting clean
technology, energy efficiency and waste recovery across Europe.
Investors included AlpInvest Partners NV, the Dutch private
equity firm with 35 billion euros under management, and HSBC
Holdings Plc.
The bulk of Climate Change Capital's funds are still
invested in China, which last year surpassed the U.S. as the
biggest emitter of CO2. The firm has been a big player in the
market to check HFC-23 emissions.
HFC-23 projects accounted for almost half the credits
issued by the UN Clean Development Mechanism through the end of
October. Money flowing from the sale of these credits could be
up to 10 times higher than the cost to curb the emissions,
according to an August UN report.
It would cost about 100 million euros to install
incinerators at the 17 refrigerant producers in the developing
world, says Michael Wara, a researcher at Stanford University.
Yet, at current prices, the 40 million credits issued for HFC-23
projects are worth about 880 million euros. ``These projects
have distorted the market,'' Wara says.
Wind, Biomass
Cameron and Woodall defend their work. China taxes profits
from HFC-23 projects at 65 percent and puts the receipts into a
special fund to finance clean energy, Woodall says. Besides,
without Climate Change Capital, the greenhouse gas at China
Fluoro Technology would just end up in the atmosphere.
These days, Climate Change Capital is expanding into wind
farms, biomass power plants and other sorts of green projects.
The challenge will be to keep on delivering high returns.
The challenge will be to keep on delivering high returns.
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``There can be no trade-off,'' Cameron says. ``None of
this, `We're terribly nice people trying to save the world;
therefore, we can perform averagely.''' Cameron and Woodall say
they want to do good. They just want to make sure they do well,
too.
--With reporting by Mathew Carr in London. Editor: Gillen
(pfh/scc)
To contact the reporter on this story:
Stephanie Baker-Said in London at +44-20-7330-7558 or
ssaid@bloomberg.net.
To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Paul Horvitz in Boston at +1-617-210-4640 or
phorvitz@bloomberg.net.
-----------------------------====================------------------------------
Copyright (c) 2007, Bloomberg, L. P.
############################ END OF STORY 1 ##############################
Moguce je da je zanimljivo, ali je prilicno nepregledno. Evo kako dodati link u komentar. Treba ukucati:
ReplyDeleteIme linka
Umesto link, iskopirati link, a umesto ime linka upisati bilo sta. Moze i "bilo sta". :)
Sad sam ja zeznuo stvar, jer kad sam ukucao sta treba, to je prevedeno u link. Da probam ovako
ReplyDelete"Ime linka"
Ne vredi... nema veze....
ReplyDeleteto je sa bloombergove masine. mogu da ti posaljem link ako imas nalog na bloombergu.
ReplyDeleteovako, sve sto mozes da uradis je da kopiras u notepad (neformatirano).
ReplyDelete